Introduction of Biochemistry (Basic biological content those must be known to study biochemistry)

1. History and Scope of Biochemistry  
2. Concept of life and living process
3. The cell and its evolution
4. Biomolecules : 

            (a)  Carbohydrates :                Definition,characteristics and biological functions

                                                           of carbohydrates,Classification and nomenclature

                                                           Optical properties,Ring structure of common

                                                           monosaccharides,proof of ring structure of
                                                           glucose,Mutation of glucose,General properties
                                                           and coloure test of reducing sugars,Important
                                                           derivatives of  monosaccharides Sugar acids.
                                                           

                         Disaccharides    :     Maltose,Lactose,Sucrose, Some other                                                                                 disaccharides Isolation of disaccharides

                                                         from natural source, structure and 

                                                         biological importance of disaccharides .
                         Polysaccharides :     Structural and storage polysaccharides,
                                                         Structures and functions of starch,Glycogen
                                                         and Cellulose .Other polysaccharides of
                                                         biological interests,structure and functions.

              (b) Lipids             :              Nomenclature,classsification,general reactions
                                                        of fats,fatty acids and sterols. Biological
                                                        functions of lipids or fat, different classes of
                                                        lipids , isolation of cholesterol and
                                                        phospholids from natural sources.
                       
              (c) Amino acids and peptides : Structural features ,optical activity
                                                               classifictions,physical properties of
                                                               amino acids and peptides.
           

              (d) Proteins                      : General introduction of proteins,

                                                        classification of  proteins based on

                                                        biological functions,shapeand structure.

                                                        Isolation and purification of protein,
                                                        different structure of proteins,sequence
                                                        determination of various proteins e.g.
                                                        Insuline,sequence homology of
                                                        homologous proteins,denaturation of 
                                                        proteins.
                          Fibrous proteins  :  Protein conformation,alpha-keratins,
                                                        X-ray analysis of keratin,planar peptide
                                                        bonds,alpha-helix,helix forming and
                                                        destabilizing amino acids,the insolubility of
                                                        alpha-keratins,beta-keratins,conformation
                                                        of alpha and beta-keratins,structure of
                                                        collagen and elastin. Filamentous proteins-
                                                        Actin,Mysin and Microtubules.

                         Globular proteins : Distinctive tertiary structure of myoglobin
                                                        and ribonuclease,renaturation of unfolded
                                                        and denatured ribonuclease, factors
                                                        maintaining the tertiary structure of globular
                                                        proteins,oxygen binding curve of
                                                        haemoglobin and myglobin,the cooperative
                                                        binding of oxygen  by haemoglobin ,
                                                        factors contributiung to oxygen saturation
                                                        curve of haemoglobin,sickle-cell anaemia and
                                                        its relation to haemoglobin.

                        Protein purification and characterisation :
                                                        Dialysis and ultrafiltration,density gradient
                                                        centrifugation,gel filtration,isoelectric 
                                                        precipitation , solvent fractionation,                                                                               salting-in and salting-out of proteins
                                                        electrophoresis,ion-exchange chromatography
                                                        selective absorption,affinity chromatography,
                                                        minimum molecular weight determination.
           
              (e) Nucleic acids      :         Occurrence, structure, composition and functions.            
                                               
                                             Questions related with this syllabus