CONTENT /SYLLABUS OF METABOLISM OF NITROGENOUS COMPOUND

1. Amino acid Metabolism : 

• Structure of 20 essential Amino acids   
• General reactions of amino acids
• Various enzymes involved in Amino acids metabolism
• Overview of amino acid catabolism in mammals
• Oxidative degradation of 20 amino acids to specialized products
• Pathways(summary) of Amino acid degradation
• Metabolic fate of Amino Groups
• Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids
• Overview of Amino acids biosynthesis
• Regulation of amino acids biosynthesis
• Regulation of amino acids metabolism
• Metabolism of branch chain amino acids
• Propionate and methylmalonate metabolism
• Urea cycle and its link to TCA cycle
• Regulation of Urea cycle
• Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation  
• Folic acid and One-carbon metabolism
• Glutathion metabolism
• Metabolism of  Amonia : Formation ,Transport and storage,disposal,                Toxicity,Trapping and Elimination , Function.
• Glucose -Alanine cycle
• Enzyme cofactors in amino acid catabilosm       
• Molecules derived from Amino acids : Heme,Creatine and phosphocreatine ,   Glutathione, Plant substances(Auxin,Lignin,Cinnamate), Biological Amines (Dopamine,Norepinephrine, Epineprine, GABA, Serotonin,Histamine,Cimetidine, Spermine,Spermidine) , Nitric Oxide (NO). 

        Clinical correlations : Phenylketonuria, Alkaptanuria, Folic Acid deficiency,
                                          Hyperamonemia and Hepatic coma, Deficiencies of the
                                          Urea cycle enzymes.
2. Nucleotide Metabolism :

• Nucleotides and its metabolic function

• Enzymes involved in nucleotides metabolism

• Denovo and salvage pathway,

• Bioynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, 

• Degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides,

• Uric acid and gout, 

• Formation of deoxyribonucleotides, 

• PRPP  participating reaction ,

• Regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis by feedback inhibition,

• Regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis by feedback inhibition,

• Inhibitors of purine synthesis 

• Biosynthesis of nucleotide coenzymes,

• Purine and pyrimidine cycle, 

• Heme metabolism, 

• Bilirubin metabolism and clinical significance,

 Clinical Correlations : Gout, Hyperuricemia, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Orotic aciduria,      

                                 Immunodeficiency diseases associated with purine metabolism.

3. Xenobiotics : Introduction of Xenobiotics,General properties of Xenobiotic metabolite,

                        Entry of Xenobiotics to body,    Role of liver in Xenobiotics metaboism,  

                        Cyt.b 450 ( properties, structure, role in  xenobiotic  metabolism ) ,

                        Methods of xenobiotics metabolism or reaction(Conjugation,Reduction,

                        Hydrolysis and oxidation) of xenobiotic metabolism .   

                                     Question Realated with this Syllabus.